Which two types of subterranean stems aid in the spread of certain perennials?

Rhizomes and stolons are specialized types of subterranean stems that play a crucial role in the vegetative reproduction of certain perennial plants. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that can produce new shoots and roots at various nodes along their length. This growth mechanism allows the plant to spread and colonize new areas efficiently. Stolons, also known as "runners," are stems that grow above or just below the ground, allowing new plantlets to establish at the nodes when they come into contact with soil. Both of these structures enable perennials to persist and spread in various environments.

Understanding the function of rhizomes and stolons highlights their importance in perennial plant life cycles. They help ensure survival through unfavorable conditions by enabling a form of asexual reproduction, which is particularly beneficial for perennial plants that need to establish themselves over time and may encounter varying environmental stresses. This ability to spread through rhizomes and stolons contributes to the resilience and adaptability of these plants within their ecosystems.