What characterizes physical controls in pest management?

Physical controls in pest management are characterized by the manipulation of environmental factors such as water, humidity, and temperature to create conditions that are unfavorable for pests. This method relies on altering the physical environment to disrupt the life cycle of pests or reduce their populations without the use of chemical agents.

For instance, adjusting humidity levels can prevent mold and mildew, which are conducive to certain pests, while controlling temperature can discourage pests that thrive in warmer conditions. This approach is often considered more sustainable and safer for non-target species, including humans and beneficial organisms, compared to chemical interventions.

Other options do not accurately define physical controls. Manual pest removal does play a role in pest management but is just one aspect of physical control methods. Chemical agents, while effective, belong to a different category altogether, focusing on the use of pesticides. Lastly, psychological deterrence is not recognized as a physical control, as it would not involve manipulation of the physical environment but rather an attempt to change pest behavior.